An Open Letter to the Signers of “Climate Change: An Evangelical Call To Action” and Others Concerned About Global Warming

An Open Letter to the Signers of

“Climate Change: An Evangelical Call to Action” and Others Concerned About Global Warming

“They only asked us to remember the poor–the very thing I was eager to do.”

–The Apostle Paul, Galatians 2:10

Widespread media reports tell of a scientific consensus that:

• the world is presently experiencing unprecedented global warming;
• the main cause of it is rising atmospheric carbon dioxide because of human use of fossil fuels for energy; and
• the consequences of continuing this pattern will include (1) rising sea levels that could inundate highly populated and often poor low-lying lands, (2) more frequent deadly heat waves, droughts, and other extreme weather events, (3) increased tropical diseases in warming temperate regions, and (4) more frequent and intense hurricanes.

Recently eighty-six evangelical pastors, college presidents, mission heads, and other leaders signed “Climate Change: An Evangelical Call to Action,” under the auspices of the Evangelical Climate Initiative. The document calls on the federal government to pass national legislation requiring sufficient reductions in carbon dioxide emissions to fight global warming and argues that these are necessary to protect the poor from its harmful effects.

In light of all this, many people are puzzled by the Interfaith Stewardship Alliance’s opposition to such calls. Do we not care about the prospect of catastrophic global warming? Do we not care that with rising temperatures the polar ice caps will melt, and the sea will inundate low island countries and coastal regions? Do we not care that the world’s poor might be most hurt by these things?

Yes, we care. But we also believe, with economist Walter Williams, that “truly compassionate policy requires dispassionate analysis.” That is the very motive for our opposing drastic steps to prevent global warming. In short, we have the same motive proclaimed by the Evangelical Climate Initiative in its “Call to Action.”

But motive and reason are not the same thing. It matters little how well we mean, if what we do actually harms those we intend to help.

That is why we take the positions we do. In the accompanying document, “A Call to Truth, Prudence, and Protection of the Poor: An Evangelical Response to Global Warming,” we present extensive evidence and argument against the extent, the significance, and perhaps the existence of the much-touted scientific consensus on catastrophic human-induced global warming. Further, good science–like truth–is not about counting votes but about empirical evidence and valid arguments. Therefore we also present data, arguments, and sources favoring a different perspective:

• Foreseeable global warming will have moderate and mixed (not only harmful but also helpful), not catastrophic, consequences for humanity–including the poor–and the rest of the world’s inhabitants.
• Natural causes may account for a large part, perhaps the majority, of the global warming in both the last thirty and the last one hundred fifty years, which together constitute an episode in the natural rising and falling cycles of global average temperature. Human emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are probably a minor and possibly an insignificant contributor to its causes.
• Reducing carbon dioxide emissions would have at most an insignificant impact on the quantity and duration of global warming and would not significantly reduce alleged harmful effects.
• Government-mandated carbon dioxide emissions reductions not only would not significantly curtail global warming or reduce its harmful effects but also would cause greater harm than good to humanity–especially the poor–while offering virtually no benefit to the rest of the world’s inhabitants.
• In light of all the above, the most prudent response is not to try (almost certainly unsuccessfully and at enormous cost) to prevent or reduce whatever slight warming might really occur. It is instead to prepare to adapt by fostering means that will effectively protect humanity–especially the poor–not only from whatever harms might be anticipated from global warming but also from harms that might be fostered by other types of catastrophes, natural or manmade.

We believe the harm caused by mandated reductions in energy consumption in the quixotic quest to reduce global warming will far exceed its benefits. Reducing energy consumption will require significantly increasing the costs of energy–whether through taxation or by restricting supplies. Because energy is a vital component in producing all goods and services people need, raising its costs means raising other prices, too. For wealthy people, this might require some adjustments in consumption patterns–inconvenient and disappointing, perhaps, but not devastating. But for the world’s two billion or more poor people, who can barely afford sufficient food, clothing, and shelter to sustain life, and who are without electricity and the refrigeration, cooking, light, heat, and air conditioning it can provide, it can mean the difference between life and death.

Along with all the benefits we derive from economic use of energy, another consideration–a Biblical/theological one–points in the same direction. The stewardship God gave to human beings over the earth–to cultivate and guard the garden (Genesis 2:15) and to fill, subdue, and rule the whole earth (Genesis 1:28)–strongly suggests that caring for human needs is compatible with caring for the earth. As theologian Wayne Grudem put it, “It does not seem likely to me that God would set up the world to work in such a way that human beings would eventually destroy the earth by doing such ordinary and morally good and necessary things as breathing, building a fire to cook or keep warm, burning fuel to travel, or using energy for a refrigerator to preserve food.”

Whether or not global warming is largely natural, (1) human efforts to stop it are largely futile; (2) whatever efforts we undertake to stem our small contributions to it would needlessly divert resources from much more beneficial uses; and (3) adaptation strategies for whatever slight warming does occur are much more sensible than costly but futile prevention strategies. Therefore, we believe it is far wiser to promote economic growth, partly through keeping energy inexpensive, than to fight against potential global warming and thus slow economic growth. And there is a side benefit, too: wealthier societies are better able and more willing to spend to protect and improve the natural environment than poorer societies. Our policy, therefore, is better not only for humanity but also for the rest of the planet.

We recognize that reasonable people can disagree with our understanding of the science and economics. But this is indeed our understanding.

Please join us in endorsing “A Call to Truth, Prudence, and Protection of the Poor: An Evangelical Response to Global Warming” (https://www.cornwallalliance.org/docs/a-call-to-truth-prudence-and-protection-of-the-poor.pdf). To do so, send an e-mail with your name, degree(s) (with subject, level, and granting institution), professional title, professional affiliation (for identification purposes only), mailing address, e-mail address, and (for verification) phone number to Stewards@CornwallAlliance.org. If you have questions, please e-mail the same address.

Endorsers of

“A Call to Truth, Prudence, and Protection of the Poor: An Evangelical Response to Global Warming”

(Updated April 15, 2009)

(Organizational affiliations are for identification only and do not imply organizational endorsement.)

1. Adel Abadeer, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Economics, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI

1. Sheila Prabhakar Abraham, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Biology, Southeastern University, Lakeland, FL

1. Michael H. Albrecht, M.S., President, Sierra Resource Management, Inc.; Registered Professional Forester; Sonora, CA

1. Randy Alcorn, D.D., Director, Eternal Perspective Ministries

1. Gregg R. Allison, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Christian Theology, The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary

1. William L. Anderson, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Economics, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, MD
2. Rev. Bruce R. Backensto, Ph.D. (Cand.)., CoPastor, Geneva Reformed Presbyterian Church, Beaver Falls, PA
3. Ted Baehr, President, Christian Film and Television Commission, Camarillo, CA

1. Howard A. Ball, Director of ChurchLIFE, a ministry of Campus Crusade for Christ, Orlando, FL

1. Doug Bandow, Vice President of Policy, Citizen Outreach, Springfield, VA

1. David Barton, Founder and President, WallBuilders, Aleda, TX

1. Michael Bauman, Professor of Theology and Culture, Director of Christian Studies, Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, MI

1. E. Calvin Beisner, Ph.D., Ministerial Assistant, Holy Trinity Presbyterian Church, Broward County, FL; National Spokesman, Cornwall Alliance for the Stewardship of Creation

1. Peggy S. Birchfield, Executive Director, Religious Freedom Action Coalition, Washington, D.C.

1. Paul C. Boling, Ph.D., Professor of Philosophy and Christian Thought, Chairman of Christian Studies Division, Bryan College, Dayton, TN

1. Bishop Wellington Boone, Founder and Chief Overseer, Fellowship of International Churches, Atlanta, GA

1. Rev. James A. Borland, Ph.D., Professor of New Testament and Theology, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA

1. Mark Brandly, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Economics, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI

1. Stephen T. Butzen, M.S., Agronomy Information Manager, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., Ankeny, IA

1. Scott Carpenter, M.S., M.Div., Structural Analyst, Pro Source, Inc., Newport Beach, CA

1. D. A. Carson, Ph.D., Research Professor of New Testament, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, IL

1. Gary Cass, D.Min., Executive Director, Center for Reclaiming America for Christ, Ft. Lauderdale, FL

1. Kent A. Chambers, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hardin Simmons University, Abilene, TX

1. Richard C. Chewning, Ph.D., Emeritus Professor of Christian Ethics, Baylor University, Waco, TX, and distinguished Scholar in Residence, John Brown University, Siloam Springs, AR

1. Kenneth W. Chilton, Ph.D., Director, Institute for the Study of Economics and the Environment, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO

1. Charles Clough, M.S. (Atmospheric Science), Th.D., retired meteorologist, Bel Aire, MD; former pastor of Lubbock Bible Church, Lubbock, TX

1. Michael Cromartie, Vice President, Ethics and Public Policy Center, Washington, D.C. 

1. L. Anthony Curto, D.Min., Associate Professor of Practical Theology, Greenville Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Taylors, SC

1. Dr. Robert A. Demick, Deacon, First Presbyterian Church (PCA), Coral Springs/Margate, Coral Springs, FL

1. David Dilley, M.S., Meteorologist/Climatologist, President and Founder, Global Weather Oscillations, Ocala, FL

1. Charles A. Donovan, Executive Vice President, Family Research Council, Washington, D.C.

1. Brian Douglas, M.Div., Deacon, Covenant Presbyterian Church, Wilton Manors, FL; Ph.D. (cand.), University of Sussex, Sussex, England

1. Barrett Duke, Ph.D., Vice President for Public Policy and Research, Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission, Southern Baptist Convention, Washington, D.C.

1. Rev. Charles H. Dunahoo, D.Min., Coordinator, Christian Education and Publications Committee of the Presbyterian Church in America, Lawrenceville, GA

1. Rev. Clint Dunham, B.S., Air Force Chaplain Assistant, Martinsburg, WV

1. Art Eberle, President, Compliance Assurance Associates, Inc. (industrial pollution control consulting engineer), Bartlett, TN

1. Reginald E. Ecarma, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Mass Communication and Political Science, North
2. Greenville University, Greenville, SC

1. John Eidsmoe, Lt. Colonel, USAFR (Ret.), Professor of Law Emeritus, Thomas Goode Jones School of Law, Montgomery, AL; Senior Staff Attorney, Alabama Supreme Court

1. Gordon Evans, M.S., Environmental Manager, The Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX

1. William B. Evans, Ph.D., Younts Professor of Bible and Religion, Erskine College, Due West, SC

1. Bryan Fischer, Th.M., Executive Director, Idaho, Values Alliance, Boise, ID

1. Neil L. Frank, Ph.D. (Meteorology), former Director, National Hurricane Center; chief meteorologist, KHOU-TV, Houston, TX (CBS affiliate)

1. Rev. Warren A. Gage, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Old Testament, Knox Theological Seminary, Ft. Lauderdale, FL

1. Victor Goldschmidt, Emeritus Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue, University, West Lafayette, IN

1. Alan Gomes, Ph.D., Professor and Chair, Department of Theology, Talbot School of Theology (Biola University), La Mirada, CA

1. Guillermo Gonzalez, Ph.D., Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA

1. Rev. George Grant, Ph.D., Pastor, Christ Community Church; Founder, King’s Meadow Study Center; President, Franklin Classical School, Nashville, TN

1. Gary O. Gray, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Wayland Baptist University, Plainview, TX

1. Rev. Wayne Grudem, Ph.D., Research Professor of Bible and Theology, Phoenix Seminary, Phoenix, AZ

1. Rev. David Hall, Ph.D., Senior Pastor, Midway Presbyterian Church, Powder Springs, GA

1. Rev. Paul G. Hamm, S.T.D., retired Library Director, Golden Gate Baptist Theological Seminary, Mill Valley, CA

1. Jesse Harlan, MBA, Senior Business Analyst, Baltimore Gas & Electric; Aberdeen, MD

1. Rev. Steve Hartland, Pastor, Trinity Reformed Baptist Church, Joppa, MD

1. James C. Hassinger, Ph.D. (in progress), Operations Research and Systems Analyst, St. Charles, MO

1. Daniel R. Heimbach, Ph.D., Professor of Christian Ethics, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, Wake Forest, NC

1. Rev. Stephen Henderson, Th.M., Pastor, Germany

1. The Honorable Donald Paul Hodel, J. D., currently member of the Board of Trustees of the North American  Electric Reliability Council; formerly: U.S. Secretary of Energy, U. S. Secretary of the Interior, Under Secretary of the Interior, Administrator and Deputy Administrator of the Bonneville Power Administration, member of the Board of Directors and member of the Advisory Board of the Electric Power Research Institute, President of Christian Coalition, President of Focus on the Family

1. Rev. H. Wayne House, Ph.D., Distinguished Research Professor of Biblical and Theological Studies, Faith Evangelical Seminary, Tacoma, WA and Salem, OR, and Adjunct Professor of Law, Trinity Law School, Trinity International University, Santa Ana, CA

1. Rev. Irfon Hughes, Pastor, Hillcrest Presbyterian Church, Volant, PA

1. Charles W. Jarvis, President and CEO, USA Next, United Seniors Association, Purcellville, VA; former Deputy Undersecretary (No. 3) at Department of the Interior, former Executive Vice President, Focus on the Family

1. Rev. Gary Johnson, Ph.D., Senior Pastor, Church of the Redeemer, Mesa, AZ

1. Jerry Johnson, M.A.C.S., M.Phil., Director, The Apologetics Group, Draper, VA

1. Rev. Peter Jones, Ph.D., Director, Christian Witness to a Pagan Planet, Adjunct Professor and Scholar in Residence, Westminster Theological Seminary, Escondido, CA

1. James B. Jordan, D. Litt, Dean of Biblical Studies, Biblical Theological Seminary, St. Petersburg, Russia

1. J. C. Keister, Ph.D., Research Specialist, 3M, Corporation, Lakeville, MN

1. Rev. Lane Keister, Pastor (PCA), serving congregations of the Christian Reformed Church and the Reformed Church of America, Hull, ND

1. Kelvin Kemm, Ph.D. (Nuclear Physics), CEO, Stratek Business Strategy Consultants, Pretoria, South Africa

1. Rev. D. James Kennedy, Ph.D., Senior Minister, Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church, Fort Lauderdale, FL; host, Truths That Transform; founder, Evangelism Explosion, Coral Ridge Ministries, Coral Ridge Media, D. James Kennedy Center for Christian Statesmanship

1. Scott Kirsch, Ph.D. (Climatology), M.D., Physician, Savannah, TN

1. Scott Klusendorf, President, Life Training Institute, Colorado Springs, CO

1. Henry Krabbendam, Th.D., Professor of Biblical Studies, Covenant College, Lookout Mountain,
2. GA, and Chairman, Africa Christian Training Institute, Uganda

1. Rev. Sam Lamerson, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of New Testament, Knox Theological Seminary, Ft.
2. Lauderdale, FL

1. David R. Legates, Ph.D. (Climatology), Associate Professor and Director, Center for Climatic Research,  University of Delaware, Newark, DE

1. Kevin Lewis, J.D., Assistant Professor of Theology and Law, Biola University, La Mirada, CA

1. Stephen Livesay, Ph.D., President, Bryan College, Dayton, TN

1. Robert Lundgren, D.Min., Pastor, Cedar Grove Church and Christian Academy, Philadelphia, PA

1. Jeffrey A. Mahn, Principal Member, Technical Staff, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM

1. Ronald C. Marks, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Chemistry, North Greenville University, Tigerville, SC 

1. Patrick J. Marx, Director, Compass Advisory Partners, LLC, Pittsburgh, PA

1. Raymond K. Mason, Forest Land Manager (Ret’d.), U.S. Forest Service and Florida Division of Forestry; Fellow and Fifty-year Member, Society of American Foresters, Havana, FL

1. Donald P. Mathison, M.S., Systems Management, Retired; Lacey, WA

1. Rev. Donald G. Matzat, Pastor, Zion Lutheran Church (LCMS), Bridgeville, PA; former host of radio show Issues, Etc., St. Louis, MO

1. Gregory W. McCall, M.S., Senior Engineer, American Electric Power, Hilliard, OH

1. Rev. J. Paul McCracken, retired pastor, Reformed Presbyterian Church, North America

1. Dr. Ross McKitrick, Ph.D., Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies in Economics, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada; expert reviewer, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group 1
2. Rev. LeRoy E. Miller, Pastor, Faith Orthodox Presbyterian Church, Lincoln, NE

1. Tracy C. Miller, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Economics, Grove City College, Grove City, PA

1. Rev. Dr. Troy Milliken, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Clinton, MS

1. C. Ben Mitchell, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Bioethics & Contemporary Culture, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois; Director, M.A. Program in Communication and Culture; Editor, Ethics & Medicine: An International Journal of Bioethics

1. Garry J. Moes, Director, Murphys Christian Camp, Former Writer/Editor, The Associated Press, Murphys, CA

1. Russell D. Moore, Ph.D., Senior Vice President for Academic Administration, Dean, School of Theology, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary; Executive Director, Carl F. H. Henry Institute for Evangelical Engagement, Louisville, KY

1. Terry Mortenson, Ph.D., Researcher and Writer, Answers in Genesis, Hebron, KY

1. William J. Murray, Chairman, Religious Freedom Coalition, Washington, D.C.

1. Jeffrey L. Myers, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Communications, Bryan College, Dayton, TN

1. Barry Napier, Ph.D., Pastor, Manselton Church, Swansea, UK; author, The Green Agenda: Environmentalism–the Rebirth of MarxismFascism

1. Dean Nelson, Executive Director, Network of Politically Active Christians (a division of Wellington Boone Ministries), Washington, D.C.

1. 100.Gary Nelson, Senior Pastor, Scottsdale Vineyard Christian Fellowship, Scottsdale, AZ

1. 101.Jerry Newcombe, Senior Producer, Coral Ridge Ministries TV, Ft. Lauderdale, FL

1. 102.Michael J. Nichols, CEP, President, M.J. Nichols and Associates, LLC (Environmental Consulting), West Palm Beach, FL

1. 103.David Noebel, Ph.D. (cand.), President, Summit Ministries, Manitou Springs, CO

1. 104.Michael Oard, M.S., retired National Weather Service Forecaster, Bozeman, MT

1. 105.Rev. Chris O’Brien, Pastor, Third Reformed Presbyterian Church (PCA), Philadelphia, PA

1. 106.Rev. Jerry O’Neill, D.D., President, Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Pittsburgh, PA

1. 107.Douglas B. Ostien, M.S. (Mathematics), St. Charles, MO

1. 108.Mario Ferdinand A. Pasion, Supervising Legislative Staff Officer I, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Republic of the Philippines

1. 109.Gretchen Passantino, M.Div., Director, Answers in Action, Costa Mesa, CA, and Adjunct Professor, Faith Evangelical Lutheran Seminary, Tacoma, WA

1. 110.Franklin E. (Ed) Payne, M.D., (Ret.), Associate Professor, Medical College of Georgia, Founder and Editor, Journal of Biblical Ethics in Medicine; Augusta, GA

1. 111.Eric Pement, Vice President, Evangelical Ministries to New Religions, Chicago, IL

1. 112.Tony Perkins, President, Family Research Council, Washington, D.C.

1. 113.Rev. Richard D. Phillips, Senior Pastor, First Presbyterian Church, Coral Springs/Margate, FL; Director, Philadelphia Conference on Reformed Theology; board member, Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals

1. 114.Rev. Joseph A. Pipa, Jr., Ph.D., President and Professor of Systematic Theology, Greenville Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Greenville, SC

1. 115.Rev. W. Duncan Rankin, Ph.D., Minister, Covenant Presbyterian Church, Oak Ridge, TN, and Adjunct Professor of Theology, Reformed Theological Seminary, Jackson, MS

1. 116.Lawrence W. Reed, M.A., Ph.D. (Honorary), President, Foundation for Economic Education, Irvington-on-Hudson, NY

1. 117.Rev. Robert L. Reymond, Ph.D., Regular Supply Pastor, Holy Trinity Presbyterian Church, Broward County, FL; Former Professor of Systematic Theology, Covenant Theological Seminary, St. Louis, MO, and Knox Theological Seminary, Ft. Lauderdale, FL

1. 118.Jay W. Richards, Ph.D., Research Fellow, Acton Institute, Grand Rapids, MI

1. 119.Bonnie Ricks, C.C.C., President, Dogwood Ministries, Big Sandy, TN

1. 120.David Ridenour, Vice President, National Center for Public Policy Research, Washington, D.C.

1. 121.Gregory J. Rummo, M.S., M.B.A., CEO, New Chemic, Butler, NJ

1. 122.Michael R. Salazar, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Union University , Jackson, TN

1. 123.Daryl Sas, Ph.D., Professor of Biology, Geneva College, Beaver Falls, PA

1. 124.William L. Saunders, Esq., Senior Fellow and Human Rights Counsel, Family Research Council, Washington, D.C.

1. 125.Joseph Schaafsma, Ph.D., Professor of Economics, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

1. 126.Herbert Schlossberg, Ph.D., Author, Dumfries, VA

1. 127.Rev. Abdul Karim Sesay, Senior Pastor, Kings & Priests Court International Ministries, Silver Springs, MD

1. 128.Rev. Louis P. Sheldon, Chairman, Traditional Values Coalition

1. 129.Rev. Ron Siegenthaler, D.Min., Executive Minister, Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church, Ft. Lauderdale, FL

1. 130.Randy T. Simmons, Ph.D., Professor and Department Head, Political Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT

1. 131.Rev. Cecil Siriwardene, Pastor, Evangelical Free Church, Redondo Beach, CA

1. 132.Rev. Frank J. Smith, Ph.D., Pastor, Covenant Reformed Presbyterian Church (CRPC), Sheboygan, WI, Editor, Presbyterian International News Service and Presbyterian Heritage

1. 133.Rev. John B. Sorensen, Executive Vice President, Evangelism Explosion International, Floor, Fort Lauderdale, FL

1. 134.James Spann, AMS Certified Broadcast Meteorologist, Chief Meteorologist, ABC 33/40, Birmingham, AL

1. 135.John A. Sparks, J.D., Dean of Arts & Letters, Grove City College, Grove City, PA

1. 136.Roy W. Spencer, Ph.D. (Climatology), principal research scientist, University of Alabama, Huntsville, former senior scientist for climate studies, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA

1. 137.John E. Stapleford, Ph.D., Professor of Economic Development, Eastern University, St. Davids, PA

1. 138.John N. Strange, Jr., M.D., F.A.C.S., Associate Professor of Biology/Campus Physician, North Greenville University, Tigerville, SC

1. 139.Rev. Kenneth Gary Talbot, Ph.D., President and Professor of Theology and Apologetics, Whitefield Theological Seminary, Lakeland, FL

1. 140.George H. Taylor, M.S., Certified Consulting Meteorologist, Corvallis, OR

1. 141.Hilton P. Terrell, M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Family Medicine, McLeod Regional Medical Center, Florence, SC; faculty, Medical University of South Carolina

1. 142.Timothy Terrell, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Economics, Wofford College, Spartanburg, SC

1. 143.David J. Theroux, Founder and President, The Independent Institute, Oakland, CA, and Founder and President, The C. S. Lewis Society of California

1. 144.Mary L. G. Theroux, Vice President, The Independent Institute, Oakland, CA

1. 145.Gregory Alan Thornbury, Ph.D., Dean of the School of Christian Studies, Union University, Jackson, TN

1. 146.Don Thorsen, Ph.D., Professor of Theology, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA

1. 147.Rev. Dr. James Tonkowich, President, Institute on Religion and Democracy, Washington, DC

1. 148.Charles Van Eaton, Ph.D., Distinguished Professor at Large, Director of the Center for Critical Thought and Practice, Bryan College, Dayton, TN

1. 149.G. Cornelis van Kooten, Ph.D., Professor of Economics, and Canada Research Chair in Environmental Studies & Climate, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C., Canada

1. 150.Rev. Jeff Voorhees, D.Min. (cand.), Interim Pastor, Drenthe Christian Reformed Church, Drenthe, MI

1. 151.Arlene Sanchez Walsh, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Hispanic Church Studies and Ministry, Haggard Graduate School of Theology, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA

1. 152.Rev. Jack Waskey, Ph.D., M.Div., Professor of Social Science, Dalton State College, Dalton, GA, and Pastor, Morton Memorial Presbyterian Church, Ft. Oglethorpe, GA

1. 153.Harry L. Wegley, M.S., Climatologist/Meteorologist; Senior Systems Programmer, Boeing, Renton, WA

1. 154.Rev. Ralph Weitz, Stewardship Pastor, Immanuel Bible Church, Springfield, VA

1. 155.David Wells, Ph.D., Andrew Mutch Distinguished Professor of Historical and Systematic Theology, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, MA

1. 156.R. Fowler White, Ph.D., Professor of New Testament and Biblical Languages, Dean of Faculty, and Administrator, Knox Theological Seminary, Ft. Lauderdale, FL

1. 157.David W. Whitlock, Ph.D., Dean of the College of Business and Computer Science, Associate Provost (beginning Fall 2006), Southwest Baptist University, Bolivar, MO

1. 158.Harry V. Wiant, Jr., Ph.D., Joseph E. Ibberson Chair, School of Forest Resources, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA

1. 159.Jay L. Wile, Ph.D., President, Apologia Educational Ministries, Anderson, IN
2. 160.David Williams, President, L.D. Advantage, Fort Worth, TX, former Denominational Representative, Social Action Commission, National Association of Evangelicals, 1983-2003

Non-evangelicals with special expertise in climatology or related sciences, economics, environmental studies, theology, or ethics:

1. Dennis Avery, Ph.D., Director, Center for Global Food Issues, Hudson Institute, Churchville, VA

1. Father J. Michael Beers, Ph.D., Dean of the PreTheologate, Ave Maria University, Naples, FL

1. Sonja A. Boehmer-Christiansen, Ph.D., Reader, Department of Geography, Hull University, Hull, UK; Editor, Energy & Environment

1. R. M. Carter, Ph.D., paleontologist, stratigrapher, marine geologist, and environmental scientist, Professor, Marine Geophysical Laboratory, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia

1. Richard S. Courtney, Independent Consultant on Energy and Environment to Members of UK and
2. European Union Parliaments, Expert Peer Reviewer, UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Accredited Methodist Preacher; Falmouth, Cornwall, TR11 4SL, UK

1. David Deming, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Arts and Sciences, College of Earth and Energy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK

1. James F. Drake, Ph.D. (Atmospheric Sciences), Project Engineer, The Aerospace Corporation, Papillon, NE

1. Paul K. Driessen, Esq., environmental ethicist, Senior Policy Advisor (energy and environment), Congress of Racial Equality

1. John Dale Dunn, M.D., J.D., Physician, Attorney, Consultant–Emergency Services, Peer Review/Mediation, Brownwood, TX

1. Robert Essenhigh, Ph.D., E. G. Bailey Professor of Energy Conversion, Ohio State University

1. Michael R. Fox, Ph.D., Nuclear Scientist (retired), Kaneohe, HI

1. Vincent Gray, Ph.D. (Chemistry, Cambridge University), Wellington, NZ, climate consultant, expert reviewer of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change from its inception

1. Kenneth Green, D.Env. (Environmental Science & Engineering), Visiting Fellow, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, D.C.

1. Steven F. Hayward, Ph.D., F. K. Weyerhauser Fellow, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, D.C., author, Index of Leading Environmental Indicators (annual)

1. Craig D. Idso, Ph.D., Chairman, Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Tempe, AZ

1. Sherwood B. Idso, Ph.D., President, Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Tempe, AZ

1. Zbigniew Jaworowski, M.D., Ph.D., D.Sc., Professor and Chairman of the scientific council of the Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection, Warsaw, Poland

1. Madhav L. Khandekar, Ph.D. (Meteorology), Retired Research Scientist, Environment Canada, 49 years in the science of weather & climate, IPCC Expert Reviewer, Fourth Cycle, 2007

1. Rabbi Daniel Lapin, President, Toward Tradition, Mercer Island, WA

1. Richard S. Lindzen, Ph.D. (Climatology), Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a lead author of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Third Assessment Report

1. Anthony R. Lupo, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Atmospheric Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO

1. Thomas P.  Sheahen, Ph.D.  Senior Analyst, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Washington, D.C.

1. S. Fred Singer, Ph.D., President, Science & Environmental Policy Project, Arlington, VA; Professor Emeritus of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia; former director of the U.S. Weather Satellite Service

1. Fred L. Smith, Jr., President, Competitive Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C.

1. Dorothy-Marie Wood, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS